FOOD SECURITY WITHOUT CULTURAL WISDOM

"Where there Heaven on Earth dipijak cherished"

Recently I wrote an article "I'm Proud to Be A Farmer" contains about cultural wisdom that mengakat rice linkage with the local culture, an article I read on the internet re-slicing the liver. The article raised about the erosion of culture on eating sago Papuans. There are several things that must be understood we are together, Indonesia is a country composed of 475 tribes scattered with 17 504 islands spread from Sabang to Merauke to have their cultures and livelihoods Based on the geographic location that influence the food base material. So when we talk of food security in Indonesia do in Measure of Rice, but then had in view of the geographic location, special food and culture in each region.

Well, .. I try to discuss a bit about the Food Security Policy is set by the Government on the tribe in Papua as well as the impact of what happened.

Papuan people familiar with rice from other tribes such as the outside Papua, volunteers, staff of government and in part other than the overseas community in 1963, but long before that coastal communities recognize marauke rice through the first missionaries in the 1800's.

Papuan community consists of 115 tribes with staple foods based on sago, sweet potatoes, bananas, cassava, taro, but the popular will on the people of Papua are only two meals a staple food is sago and sweet potato. But "since the entry of oil palm since 1983 the hamlet hamlet felled sago which impact on the game goes down as well as young children no longer eat sago '.

"Data from Papua Foodstuffs says since 1998 there were 30% of the population of Papua mengosumsi tuber crops (petatas), 15% mengosumsi sago and the remaining 55% mengosumsi rice. Not only that but in the years 1996-1998, the production of sweet potato in Papua as many as 435 000 tonnes. But this number continues to decline every year "

"Data of Agriculture and Foodstuffs 1996-1998, the production of sweet potato in Papua as many as 435 000 tonnes. But this number continues to decline each year. In the 1999-2001 year only reached 340,000 tons. Worse in 2003 with total production of only Rp 250,000 tons. The largest sweet potato production in the Central Highlands region (Paniai, Puncak Jaya, Jayawijaya, Tolikara, Yahokimo, Star Mountains, and Nabire) ". See here

   A. As a base material made of plastic or biodegradable plastic is broken down
   2. As a medicine to cure stomach ache
   3. As a substitute for petroleum fuels that are environmentally friendly.

Papua community has known since his ancestors sago, sago and even now already is identical if it is associated with people of Papua, plus many cultures who are born again as a symbol of Papuan society engagement in the sago with giving birth to many dances, customs and other cultural rituals associated with sago. Uniformity can be imagined by the government on rice as their staple food becomes a problem in Papua and Maluku society, ranging from the high prices of rice and a high demand for temporary, on one hand the lower the Papuan people who eat local food, this is worsening with the policies raskin which would speed up the process, people are lazy tendency to grow rice because a lot of time to repel rodents and birds at night and by day, until the impact on the loss of culture associated with Sago.

On this side of the Government claimed to be more observant in the implementation of food security in each area, no more talk of food security is the uniformity of rice in the entire territory of Indonesia.

Conclusion:

   A. Policy of socialization of rice in order to National Food Resilience instead would damage the diet and culture of Papua and Maluku Society.
   2. Government Policy on Food Security should pay attention to geography, local cultures and taking into account the staple food of the local community.
   3. The Government should establish a Territory of Papua and Maluku in Indonesia Sago Granary considering the potential of natural and human resources in Papua and Maluku have people in the cultivation of sago palms.
   4. The government should develop the potential of sago in order to find energy that are environmentally friendly Fuel remember Sago and Cassava can be alternative fuels Bioethanol Raw Material Providers.

INCREASE PRODUCTION OF CORN IN DRY LAND

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Rear A.Latar

Corn is one of the cereal crops are grown almost all over the world and classified as species with genetic variability besar.Tanaman corn can produce new genotypes that can adapt to various characteristics lingkungan.Di Indonesia, maize is the second staple food after the addition padi.Di , corn was used as fodder (feed) and raw materials indutri.Penggunaan as feed ingredients for livestock, mostly chicken showed increasing tendency every year at the rate of increase of more than 20%. Instead, use as food decreased.

From the aspect of self-sufficiency in maize production actually has terpenuhi.Namun corn, because the continuity requirement can not be met although it had to be done at a particular import was done ekspor.Terjadinya exports and imports in the same year disbabkan include corn harvest is not evenly distributed throughout the tahun.Pada beginning of the harvest season so that the production surplus must be exported as jaung yet memadai.Sebaliknya storage facilities, on a bad season there is a shortage of production so as to meet the requirements to be met from the already digalakkannya Gema impor.Sejalan Pelagung 2001 (Independent Movement of Rice, Soybean, and corn in 2001) it is only logical if efforts to increase corn production to be undertaken with high priority.

Writing B.Tujuan

a. Provide information to the reader

b. Provide an opportunity for readers who want to learn about

badaimana way Miningkatkan dilahan dried corn production.

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. Efforts to Increase Corn Production

To meet the needs of the domestic corn exports increase the effort to increase corn production should dilakukan.Upaya will be more successful if there is cooperation between the government and petani.Beberapa integrated effort that can be applied to increase maize production among other things:

A. Extending the Harvest Area

Increasing the harvest is a potential factor in favor of an increase in corn production. In connection with the expansion of this crop can be done extensive efforts, diversification, rehabilitation, increased crop intensity, and the addition of the corn harvest period.

a. Extensification

In a general sense, an extension of a new growth source procurement efforts in the form of expansion / addition of acreage panen.Bilaa managed to add a new area of ​​hundreds of thousands of hectares per year there will be a real surge in corn production at the national level.

Expansion of corn planting is recommended in the new openings, among other htan (HTI), transmigration areas, tidal land, swampy land, and other marginal lands (bare land and other productive land yet). Productive land in Indonesia is still very wide , but this condition has not dikelola.Pada progran extension is still wide open to be implemented.

b. Diversification

In connection with the business penungkatan production, diversification is defined as the diversification of agricultural activities which dibudidayakan.Pada diversification program was pursued with increased production of corn to make corn as a staple crop in a pattern of activity known as tanam.Kegiatan tersbut diversifiksi horizontal.Jenis other diversification is diversifikaso which is a vertical prodouk diversify industries that use corn feedstock. It is clear that the diversification of maize dapay increase production through the replacement of other crops, intercropping, inserts, or as a supplementary crop.

c. Rehabilitation

One of the rehabilitation is improvement in the cultivation of maize varieties with the potential for refining banih or replacement of a hybrid fruit that has grown many times. In addition to improved varieties, this rehabilitation program also involves the improvement of all aspects of cultivation, including land issues. Rehabilitation of these acidic soil fertility is improved by the provision of lime and drainage improvements in tidal land.

d. Increased intensity of cultivation (IP)

Cropping intensity (IP) is defined as the amount of crop in one year cropping in an area. Cropping pattern of rice-corn-fallow is to have IP 200. This IP can still be improved if the fallow arable land. Efforts to increase the intensity of the corn crop is intended for land that still has less than 300 IP or undeveloped land (bare land). Increased IP jagug this can be done in a year, either with monoculture cropping and tupang sari. This is one way to increase output jagug.

e. The addition of the corn harvest period

Growth of corn plants, especially the early phases of growth until the charging cob, is highly dependent on water availability. To be able to produce high, planting is usually only done at planting time only. As a result, fluctuations in maize production, which is excessive for the season and the lack of a bad season so kebituhannya be met from imports. One effort to reduce imports ketergantugan in a bad season is off planting season (outside of the growing season). Penamanam off season can be done in certain planting and land.

2. Increase Productivity

Efforts to improve productivity can be achieved by planting corn varieties. This effort will be more successful when accompanied by physical and biological environmental management and implementation of appropriate production technology environment of the body. The application of this technology must be effectively and efficiently. With the intensification of the quality improvement is expected to affect the increased productivity.

Productivity of maize in each production center varied between 2-4 tons / ha. Efforts to improve productivity can be done when a district is still below the average productivity of the province. To that end, the district should seek to at least match the productivity levels of the province. Thus, the difference in productivity can increase maize production in the district. When the number of districts in the production of doing the same, an increase in production at the provincial level will be quite a lot.

Improved quality of intensification of non-intensification of farming into the general intensification (Inmum), then became a special intensification (Insus), and subsequently became Insus Supra.

Associated with corn planting conditions are always changing and evolving in every agroecosystem the production technology must always be reviewed. Production technology is a component of the program intensification. The review should be done regularly and always improving in order to align with the development of production technology and eventually obtained a really specific agroecology.

3. Pressing the gap results

The gap is the difference between the real (real) reached the farmers with the genetic potential of the varieties grown. In the field, the gap between the results obtained with the result that farmers may be achieved more by biofisisk factors and socioeconomic factors in the process of technology transfer. The process of transfer of technology on corn goes too fast and low levels of technology adoption. For example, the results at the research level has reached 7-8 ton / ha, whereas in the new farm level 3-4 tonnes / ha. If this results gap can be reduced through the increase of technology can contribute significant results against the national increase in corn production.

4. Maintaining Stability of Production

Corn yield stability in a region defined as the magnitude of changes resulting from year to year in the region with the application of the same production technology. Factors that influence the stability of these results include the development of pest and disease stress environments (drought, inundation, and weeds).

The stability of these results can be improved if farmers can make orderly planting time according to local cropping patterns, use of pest resistant varieties, use of early maturing varieties of age in order to avoid drought stress, and increased pest and disease control as well.

5. Lose Loss Results

Data from the planting area in the three provinces, namely North Sulawesi, Central Java and East Java, showed that corn yield loss begins from the time of harvest to post harvest may reach 8.5%. When calculated at a national level, yield loss is very large enjadi.

Lowering the percentage of yield loss is through the use of agricultural equipment and machinery (alsintan) the right to increase the total production nasional.untuk Formatting, increased postharvest alsintan services in the future become an important factor in suppressing the loss of farmers. The role of outreach activities will also provide its own value in the successful use of these alsintan services.

B. Planting on Dry Land

Most of the land of corn planting in Indonesia in the form of dry land. The main problem in dryland maize kebituhan water is entirely dependent on rainfall. Another problem is the variety of soil fertility and erosion Adaiah land resulting in decreased fertility. With such conditions in the planting of dryland corn should require more thoughtful handling that includes the following:

A. Appropriate varieties

Corn is planted in dry land can be freely pollinated varieties or hybrid varieties. Some freely pollinated varieties to choose from, among others, Arjuna, Bhishma, Lagaligo, Kalinga, Wiyasa, Rama, and Wisanggeni. While for the varieties of hybrid varieties is recommended to use Semar-2, Semar-3, CP-1, CP-2, Bisi-1, Bisi-2, Pioneer-3, Pioneer-4, and Pioneer-5.

Based on the altitude where planting can be recommended the use of appropriate varieties. For the lowlands can be used in the old corn or medium that can be selected include New Hope, Metro, Parikshit, Bogor, Composite-2, Arjuna, Bromo, Kalinga, Wiyasa, Hope, and Hybrids. To be selected early maturing maize was among others interlacing, Kretek early maturing, and early maturing paper. Third-old maize variety is early maturing local varieties. While for the plateau can be chosen in such old Yellow Bastar, Bima Pandu, and Hope.

With the growing power above 80% and using a variety yag recommended the amount of seed needed sebnayak 25-30 kg / ha. Before planting, seed corn should be mixed with Ridomil as much as 5 g / kg. Ridomil provision is intended that the plant is downy mildew disease and seed fly.

2. Cropping patterns

Prompts corn cropping pattern based on the climatic conditions of the planting site. Corn cropping pattern cropping systems can be either single, double, or intercropping with upland rice crop, cassava, soybeans, peanuts, or other legumes. For dry land wet climates it is recommended to use intercropping cropping with early maturing upland rice and cassava-peanut / soy-bean green. While for dry climates dryland cropping adequate for intercropping maize with groundnut / soybean, mung bean or cowpea-fallow.

3. Preparation of Land

One of preparing land for the cultivation of maize. Tillage aims to mengemburkan soil, improve drainage, and deadly germs. Way of tillage on dryland fields depending on conditions. In general, the cultivation of land on dry land can be done perfectly, minimum (minimum tillage), and without treatment (zero tillage).

a. Processing perfectly

v Processing done on heavy soils

v The ground is too wet so easily digemburkan.

v Land hoe or buried, and raked the ground until blended.

v Processing of land made at least a week before planting.

b. The minimum processing

v Processing done on land that is very sensitive to erosion.

v Processing is performed only on the preparation of the planting row width 60 cm and 15-20 cm depth using a hoe twice. Pendangiran then performed at 25 days old plants.

v Land only penugalan and planted the seeds directly.

v Processing done a week or less than a week before planting.

c. Without tillage

v Processing performed on light-textured land and land or water shortage during the dry season in order to avoid excessive evaporation.

v Land hoe only to the planting hole.

v In the land need to be given a mulch to address erosion and suppress weeds.

Former plantation land contaminated or disease pests need to be burning the remains of plants. Tillage performed up to several times. Each treatment process, the land is given a few days to kill germs.

To prevent water shortages, land cultivation can be given mulch of straw or other plant wastes. Instead, to anticipate that the land under water, especially during the rainy season, plumbing needs to be made.

4. Cultivation

Some things to note in the planting of corn is planting time, distance and population, as well as planting.

A. Planting time

Is generally effort maize cultivation in dry land only twice the maximum investment. This is mainly related to water demand in the early plant growth. Typical planting time is the beginning of the rainy season (harbor) between September-November and early dry season (marengan) between February to April.

2. Spacing and plant population

Spacing depending on the application of the varieties used. The following spacing and population per hectare tanmaan of several varieties of corn can be grown on dry land.

3. Planting

Corn planting done deangan penugalan way. Planting hole depth depends on soil moisture. Depth of the planting hole in moist soil in 2.5 cm deep, while the ground was dry enough can be as deep as 5 cm.

The number of seeds for each ranam be as much as 2-3 seeds for varieties nonhibrida, while hybrid varieties can be as much as 1 grain (except hybrid seed varieties of CPI-1, Pioneer, and IPB-4 can be as much as 2 seeds / planting hole).

5. Fertilization

In the effort to increase corn production, fertilization is essential and must be considered. The things that need attention are the type, dose, time and method of fertilization.

A. The type and dose of fertilizer

Given type of fertilizer on corn is organic fertilizer and organic fertilizer. Organic fertilizers are given in the form of manure on land is less fertile. The dose is about 15-20 tonnes / ha.

Inorganic fertilizers used for corn in the form of urea, SP-36, and KCl. Dose of fertilizer for maize hybrids with corn nonhibrida little different. For hybrid corn, per hectare required 300 kg of urea, SP-36 100 kg, 50 kg and KCl. while for corn nonhibrida, per hectare required 250 kg of urea, SP-36 75-100 kg, 50 kg and KCl.

When the land already contains enough elements of fertilizer P for P (SP-36 or TSP) is continuous, we recommend the use of fertilizer is not necessary or a sufficient dose of 50 kg TSP / ha. Similarly, if the field already contains enough elements of fertilizer K the KCl can be reduced or eliminated.

2. Timing and amount of fertilizer

Manure diberian entirely when processing soil, whereas inorganic fertilizers are given as basal fertilizer or manure aftershocks. Fertilizer N is applied twice, at planting and 4 weeks after planting. For light-textured soils and high rainfall, fertilizer N is applied three times.

3. Method of fertilization

Provision made by way of manure is spread and leveled along with the processing of land. While the basic fertilizer of urea, TSP, and KCl done by ditugal as deep as 10 cm of about 7 cm on the left and the right plants. For urea and TSP are given in one hole, while KCL on its own hole. Once included fertilizer, then covered the hole with soil again. While the provision of supplementary fertilizers carried by ditugal deep as 10 cm about 15 cm from the plant.

6. Stitching and Spacing

Stitching done if there is a seed that is damaged or does not grow. This activity was done approximately 7-10 days after planting. Stitching is done so that the amount of activity per unit area tanman will remain so that optimum production target will still achieved.

Thinning can be done 2-3 weeks after planting. You do this by cutting the stem of the plant using scissors or a sharp knife. Plant is left in the form of plants that grow healthy, strong, and vigor. Although the thinning, the plants should be left fixed according to plan optimal number of plants per hectare.

7. Weeding

Weeding is an effort to control or reduction of weeds that grow in the area of ​​cultivation. The presence of weeds should be eradicated because cdapat reduce the quality and the quality of production. Weeds play a role in maize area can be divided into three categories, namely:

A. Grass weeds such as grass remains (Eleusin indica), jajagoan (Echinochloa colonum), kekawatan (Cynodon dactilon), alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica), Lempuyangan (Panicum sp.)

2. Weeds tekian puzzle-like puzzles (Cyperus rotundus), jeking turmeric (Cyperus Iria), eki gehad (Cyperus compressus), and

3. Broadleaf weeds like shy girls (Mimosa Invisa), babdotan (Ageratum conyoides), tolod (Alternanthera sessilis).

Dependent development, weeding can be done 2-3 times. Weeding should be done before the first fertilization and simultaneously with the aftershock II pembubunan. Weeding II can be done a month after the weeding I and III of weeding can be done if deemed necessary, ie if it looks lush growth of weeds or dense.

Weeding can be done in two ways, namely manual and chemistry. Weeding is done manually by hand, hoe, or other device, while the chemically performed using herbicides.

8. Pembumbunan

Pembumbunan aims to cover the exposed roots and make a plant growing upright or firm. Pembumbunan dilakuan by raising or pile up on the staple crop land. This activity is performed in conjunction with the first weeding.

9. Irrigation

Corn requires a lot of water during the vegetative growth to grain filling period. The water needs of the ripening period is reduced to cob.

The planting of corn in the rainy season, water requirements can be met from the rain. However, the planting area sought to avoid stagnant water because it can rot the roots. In addition, if the excess water, the plants will be disturbed generative period. Therefore, drainage is to function properly.

Should be on planting in the dry season, plants can be watered a minimum of four times each day. The amount of water supplied to each delivery by 60 mm high water. The amount of water may be sufficient to maintain saturated soil during plant growth.